Image source: Dr. Robert Gaskin via Veterinary Partner.
Megacolon in Cats & Dogs
A complete fact sheet for pet owners
This article is written by Pet Circle's qualified veterinarian,
Megacolon is a painful condition in which the colon becomes flaccid, dilated, impacted, and grossly enlarged. It usually occurs secondary to a long bout of constipation, but it can also be a congenital in nature. This guide should provide you with everything you need to know about megacolon.
Contents
2. Which animals are prone to Megacolon?
6. The Best Diets for Megacolon
What is Megacolon?
Image Source: VetNetwork
The colon is a large tubular organ that makes up the very end of the gastrointestinal tract. The large intestine joins to one end of the colon, and the rectum sits at the other end. The purpose of the colon is to absorb water and store faecal material before defection.
The walls of the colon contain smooth muscle which contract in response to nerves from the spinal cord. As the colon constricts, faecal material is pushed out of the body.
Megacolon is a condition in which the muscles of the colon wall can not contract properly, which leads to stretching and enlarging of the colon. The diameter of the colon expands dramatically - enlarging like a balloon - and can end up 3-4 times the size of a normal colon. The faecal matter accumulates in this distended colon and causes obstipation (the inability to defecate).
If left untreated, the stagnant faecal matter starts to ferment and rot, leading to a nasty bacterial overgrowth. These bacteria create toxins which then leach into the bloodstream, causing blood toxaemia, septicaemia and death.
What causes megacolon?
Megacolon can occur secondary to neurological causes, mechanical obstruction, or idiopathic reasons. These are outlined below.
1. Neurological disruption. If there is a problem with the nerves connecting to the smooth muscle of the colon, the colon can become limp and create a megacolon. This can occur with a spinal cord injury, for instance during a car accident, or in an animal with intervertebral disc disease (IVDD - commonly seen in Dachshunds). Certain medications, such as opioids, can also cause the nerves or smooth muscle to become inactive.
2. Mechanical obstruction. If there is a blockage whereby the faecal matter simply cannot pass, a megacolon will occur. Objects that may block the passage of faeces include an enlarged prostate, colon or rectal tumours, foreign bodies, hairballs, or strictures. This is also occasionally seen with old injuries (such as pelvic fractures), where the pelvic canal becomes narrower as the bone heals.
3. Idiopathic megacolon. 'Idiopathic' means 'of unknown cause'. This is the most common reason for megacolon, and is often seen in middle-aged to older cats. It may be related to electrolyte imbalances, such as those that occur with kidney failure.
Did you know? Constipation can lead to obstipation and the development of megaocolon.
If your pet appears uncomfortable or is straining unproductively, seek intervention with your veterinarian.
Which animals are prone to megacolon?
Megacolon may occur in any breed and at any age, but is most common in:
⢠Middle-aged and senior cats (the most common age is 5-9 years)
⢠Older male dogs that have not been desexed (secondary to an enlarged prostate)
⢠Any animal who has been treated with certain medications or undergone a general anaesthetic
⢠Animals that have suffered from a spinal injury or spinal condition (particularly Dachshunds with IVDD).
Interestingly, manx cats are predisposed to a congenital form of megacolon, which is caused by a sacral spine deformity. Manx cats that suffer from this deformity do so often because of irresponsible breeders that select for a 'tail free' appearance.
Manx cats are predisposed to megacolon as their missing tails can be associated with sacral spine deformities.
Signs and Symptoms of Megacolon
Straining to defecate may be a sign of megacolon, but it's important to be aware that your cat may be straining to urinate (which is also a cause for concern).
As stated above, megacolon is associated with obstipation (an inability to defecate). As such, most symptoms reflect this. However, as the disease progresses, more worrying symptoms may appear secondary to blood toxaemia, septicaemia, or colonic rupture.
Clinical signs of Megacolon include:
- Tenesmus (straining to defecate)
- Passing no stool, OR less stool than normal
- Defecation of liquid stool, blood, or mucus
- Abdominal discomfort
- Hard, large, firm faeces in the colon. If severe, your vet will be able to palpate this in the abdomen.
- Decreased appetite
- Lethargy
- Vomiting
Diagnosis of Megacolon
Barium study radiographs of a cat with megacolon. Barium is a radiolucent dye administered by mouth or rectally which highlights soft tissue structures on xrays. Here, it shows the full size of this cat's enlarged colon (3.4cm) compared to the length of a vertebra (2.3cm). Image source: Garcia et al, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports.
How to tell if your pet has megacolon
Diagnosis of megacolon requires a veterinary examination and imaging. Your vet may run some or all of the following tests:
⢠Full physical exam
⢠Rectal exam
⢠Full bloodwork
⢠Radiographs (xrays)
⢠Ultrasound
⢠Colonoscopy
⢠Barium (contrast) study
During the physical exam, your vet may be able to palpate the enlarged colon full of firm faeces. Imaging (xrays, barium study, ultrasound, or colonoscopy) will usually reveal a distended colon full of faeces or air. Blood tests are done to assess your pet's current health status and whether any signs of toxaemia are developing.
Treatment of Megacolon in cats and dogs
Option 1: Medical Management
For idiopathic megacolon, most veterinarians will choose medical management first. This involves:
- Intravenous fluids for hydration
- An enema and deobstipation (manual removal of faeces) procedure - this must always be done under sedation as it is very painful
- Ongoing management with a low-residue diet
- Medications such as lactulose and cisapride.
A low residue diet helps to stimulate the cells of the colon without increasing the bulk of the faeces. Lactulose helps speed up defecation and softens the stool. Cisapride stimulates colonic motility, leading to stronger contractions.
NEVER attempt to give your pet an enema at home. Most over-the-counter infant enemas (including Fleet phosphate enema) are toxic to cats. Plus, without a controlled general anaesthetic, you may seriously injure your pet (or yourself!) in the process.
Option 2: Surgery
Surgery is indicated in cases that are advanced or those that don't respond to medical treatment. A procedure called a subtotal colectomy involves the removal of the non-functioning part of the colon. The remaining ends on either side of the resected colon are then sutured together. This surgery must always accompany antibiotic therapy, before and after the procedure, as the colon is the most bacteria-dense part of the gastrointestinal tract.
Did you know: medical approach is usually attempted first, while surgery is reserved for unresponsive or severe cases.
Best Diets for Megacolon
If your pet is undergoing medical management of megacolon or is generally very prone to constipation, your vet may recommend either a low-residue diet or a high fibre diet. The two are generally opposites - low residue diets are low in fibre and therefore create smaller stools that are easy to pass, whereas high fibre diets create bulky stools that encourage motility.
Often the ideal diet plan involves feeding a low residue diet until the immediate constipation is alleviated, and then introducing more fibre to prevent a future episode. Ultimately, the ideal diet for your pet will depend on the cause of the constipation and the current situation, so always consult with your vet before administering a new diet.
Low-residue diets
A low residue diet helps reduce faecal bulk and creates smaller stools. Low residue diets should be easy to digest - this means they are high in digestible protein, low in fat, and low in fibre - although not without fibre altogether. Some fibre is needed to feed the 'healthy bacteria' in the colon, which can help prevent megacolon from developing. Most low residue diets contain a specific blend of high quality fibre in low quantities to help maintain this balance. See section below for the top low residue diets for cats and dogs.
High fibre diets
On the other side of the coin, high fibre diets create a bulkier stool. Just as humans take psyllium husk or Metamucil to 'stay regular', a high fibre diet can help keep things moving for pets too. This type of diet was recommended in the past to treat megacolon but is now generally considered counteractive during the immediate phase while gut motility is reduced. Instead, a high fibre diet may be better indicated long term, after the acute constipation episode has passed. See section below for the top high fibre diets for cats and dogs.
Hydration is vital
In addition to the right diet, hydration is absolutely vital for maintaining regular bowel movements. If your pet is dehydrated, water will be drawn from the colon contents in order to preserve hydration. This creates a hard, dry stool and can lead to constipation. There are a number of ways to promote hydration in pets.
Ways to Increase Your Pet's Hydration
- Feed wet food. Wet food contains around 70-80% water, and is therefore a much better choice than dry food for preventing constipation.
- Provide running water. Pets are naturally drawn to drinking from a running source of water. A Water Fountain will encourage your pet to drink more and stay hydrated.
- Offer flavoured water. To encourage drinking, you might like to add a little pet-safe broth or lactose-free milk to your pet's water bowl.
- Make ice blocks. If the weather is warm, try making your pet some meaty ice blocks by mixing some stock or wet food with water and freezing it in an ice cube tray or container. This will keep them entertained and happy, while maintaining a cool body temperature in hot weather.
Best Low Residue Diets for Pets with Megacolon
1. Hills Prescription Diet i/d
Hills Prescription Diet i/d Canned Food is available for cats and dogs in different flavours, and a low fat option is available for dogs. The i/d range provides digestible protein which is also relatively low in fibre and fat, making it a great low residue diet option.
Major callouts: contains low fibre, highly digestible protein, omega-3 & -6 fatty acids, ActivBiome+ probiotics for support of gut microbiome
Because the i/d range consists of a few varieties, we have compared the options and listed their key nutrients - fiber, fat, protein - as well as the ingredients.
| Product | Crude fibre % | Fat % | Protein % | First 10 ingredients |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hills i/d Low Fat Dog Food Chicken and Vegetable Stew
|
1.9 % |
8.7 % |
23.4 % |
Water, Pork Liver, Rice, Carrots, Chicken, Corn Starch, Sugar, Dextrose, Egg Whites, Hydrolysed Chicken Flavour |
Hill's i/d Digestive Care Dog Food with Turkey
|
1.9 % |
15.6 % |
25.3 % |
Water, Turkey, Rice, Pork Liver, Egg Product, Whole Grain Corn, Hydrolysed Chicken Flavour, Ground Pecan Shells, Potassium Chloride |
Hill's i/d Digestive Care Dog Food Chicken & Vegetable Stew  |
2.3 % |
14.8 % |
25.1 % |
Water, Chicken, Pork Liver, Carrots, Rice, Rice Starch, Sugar, Chicken Liver Flavor, Dried Beet Pulp, Soybean Oil |
Hill's i/d Digestive Care Cat Food with Chicken  |
2.6 % |
24.5 % |
40 % |
Water, Pork Liver, Chicken, Rice, Potato Protein, Chicken Fat, Powdered Cellulose, Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Liver Flavour, Hydrolysed Chicken Flavour |
Hill's i/d Digestive Care Cat Food Chicken & Vegetable Stew  |
2.7 % |
23.3 % |
37.9 % |
Water, Chicken, Pork Liver, Carrots, Wheat Gluten, Rice Starch, Rice, Chicken Fat, Hydrolyzed Chicken Flavor, Powdered Cellulose, Potassium Alginate |
Note: Feline varieties are higher in fat and protein due to the different nutritional requirements of cats. All values are given on a % dry matter basis. Only wet food diets are compared here, as wet food is indicated for the management of megacolon and constipation.
2. Royal Canin Gastrointestinal
Royal Canin Gastrointestinal is another great low-residue diet. It is formulated using highly digestible proteins, prebiotics, and beneficial fibres to help promote good digestive health. It also contains Omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA from fish oil, which may help to reduce the intestinal inflammation present during gastrointestinal disorders. Royal Canin Gastrointestinal is high in energy and palatability to promote food and energy intake.
Major callouts: Highly digestible proteins, Omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA for a healthy digestive system.
| Product | Crude fibre % | Fat % | Protein % | First 10 ingredients |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Royal Canin Gastrointestinal Wet Dog Food
|
11.1 % |
18.5 % |
30.0 % |
Water, pork by-products, chicken by-products, salmon, brewers rice, pork liver, powdered cellulose, vegetable oil, pork plasma, dried plain beet pulp |
Royal Canin Gastrointestinal Wet Cat Food
|
1.2 % |
28 % |
40 % |
Meat and animal derivatives, cereals, oils and fats, derivatives of vegetable origin, minerals, yeasts, various sugars. |
Note: All values are given on a % dry matter basis, calculating using moisture content. Only wet food diets are compared here, as wet food is indicated for the management of megacolon and constipation.
Best High Fibre Diets for Pets
As previously discussed, your vet may suggest a high fibre diet instead of a low residue diet for your pet. There are plenty of ways to increase fibre in your pet's diet. You may wish to swap to a specially designed high fibre pet food, or you may wish to simply add fibrous vegetables or psyllium on top of their existing food. All options are outlined below.
1. Fibre-rich Fruits and Vegetables
Certain vegetables are naturally high in fibre and can help reduce constipation. Examples include mushy pumpkin, asparagus, artichokes, leeks, bananas, and chicory root. You may wish to incorporate these into your pet's diet, but always make sure that vegetables are well cooked (as this helps with their digestion) and that sugary fruits like bananas are given in moderation.
2. Psyllium Husk
Usually consumed for it's bulk-forming, anti-constipation effects, psyllium husk is also a powerful prebiotic. Psyllium has been demonstrated to increase microbial diversity and numbers, as well as their associated digestive enzymes. (Plus, it can help if your dog has anal gland issues!)
When giving your pet psyllium husk, always make sure to select a natural, unflavoured variety free from flavourings. Give one teaspoon per 10kg bodyweight, sprinkled on the food daily, and adjust the dose as needed.
3. Hill's Prescription Diet Gastrointestinal Biome
Hill's Prescription Diet Gastrointestinal Biome is a high-fibre pet food designed specifically to support the gut microflora without the use of additional supplements. It contains unique ActiveBiome+TM technology - a special blend of prebiotic fibres that works with and feeds the bacteria present in your dog's microbiome to support better digestive health. The high level of fibre helps to create a firm, bulky stool and can help manage constipation.
Read more about Improving Your Pet's Microbiome Using Hill's Prescription Diet Gastrointestinal Biome.
Further Reading
Check out our other vet-written articles below, or take a look at our Vet Tips Page for many more topics and guides!